Differentiation & Derivatives

السلام عليكم جميعاً

هذه هي التفاضلات وقواعدها.. مكتوبة ومنسقة بشكل جمالي يساعد على حفظها إن شاء الله فهي مجمعة .. كما يمكنكم طبعها ولصقها على الحائط أو وضعها على المكتب أمامكم حتى تحققوا الاستفادة منها إن شاء الله

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بالتوفيق أيها الأحباب

Common Chemistry Equations

السلام عليكم

هذه هي بعض المعادلات الكيميائية الشائعة وهي عبارة عن صفحة واحدة فقط ..

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Electricity

Electricity, one of the basic forms of energy. Electricity is associated with electric charge, a property of certain elementary particles such as electrons and protons, two of the basic particles that make up the atoms of all ordinary matter. Electric charges can be stationary, as in static electricity, or moving, as in an electric current.

Electrical activity takes place constantly everywhere in the universe. Electrical forces hold molecules together. The nervous systems of animals work by means of weak electric signals transmitted between neurons (nerve cells). Electricity is generated, transmitted, and converted into heat, light, motion, and other forms of energy through natural processes, as well as by devices built by people.

Electricity is an extremely versatile form of energy. It can be generated in many ways and from many different sources. It can be sent almost instantaneously over long distances. Electricity can also be converted efficiently into other forms of energy, and it can be stored. Because of this versatility, electricity plays a part in nearly every aspect of modern technology. Electricity provides light, heat, and mechanical power. It makes telephones, computers, televisions, and countless other necessities and luxuries possible.

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ELECTRIC CHARGE

Electricity consists of charges carried by electrons, protons, and other particles. Electric charge comes in two forms: positive and negative. Electrons and protons both carry exactly the same amount of electric charge, but the positive charge of the proton is exactly opposite the negative charge of the electron. If an object has more protons than electrons, it is said to be positively charged; if it has more electrons than protons, it is said to be negatively charged. If an object contains as many protons as electrons, the charges will cancel each other and the object is said to be uncharged, or electrically neutral.

Electricity occurs in two forms: static electricity and electric current. Static electricity consists of electric charges that stay in one place. An electric current is a flow of electric charges between objects or locations.

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To be continued ....

Light and Optics

السلام عليكم

أيها الأحباب

هذه هي الفيزياء التي قمت بتجميعها وتنقيتها من أجلكم

وهي ليست بملخص وإنما بشيء يمتعنا إن شاء الله وهذه هي أهم العناوين :

Light and Optics

The Nature of Light

The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics.

Reflection.

Refraction

Index of Refraction

Dispersion and Prisms

Total Internal Reflection

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Gas -introduction

السلام عليكم

الغاز .. مقدمة عنه ستفيد كثيراً في فهم طبيعته .. المسافة بين الجزيئات وقوة الجذب بينها والفرق بينها وبين المواد الصلبة والسائلة .. والغاز يشغل حجم الإناء الذي يحتويه .. العديد من الأشياء المفيدة في هذا المقال ستفيدكم إن شاء الله

أتمنى أن تقرأوها وتفهموها إن شاء الله

• Gas, one of the three ordinary states of matter.
• The other two ordinary states of matter are solid and liquid.
• Both solids and liquids are made up of particles that touch one another.
• The attraction between the particles of a solid is so strong that the particles hold rigidly together.
• This rigidity gives solids a definite shape and volume.
• The attraction between particles in a liquid is great enough to hold the particles near each other but too weak to prevent the particles from sliding around.
  
• Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
• The particles that make up a gas, however, are completely separated from one another.
• Empty space accounts for more than 99 percent of the total volume of air, for example.
• Because gas particles are separated, the attractive forces between them are extremely small and are insufficient to hold gases in a definite shape or volume.
• Gases expand freely to fill their containers.

Refraction & Reflection

إخواني الأحباب

اعتذر عن الإطالة في الغياب

حديثي هذا عن الانكسار والانعكاس في الضوء أتمنى أن تستمتعوا به حتى انتهي من تجهيز الملف الخاص بي في البصريات كاملاً وسأنزله قريباً إن شاء الله

Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one kind of material into another. Because light travels at a different speed in different materials, it must change speeds at the boundary between two materials. If a beam of light hits this boundary at an angle, then light on the side of the beam that hits first will be forced to slow down or speed up before light on the other side hits the new material. This makes the beam bend, or refract, at the boundary. Light bouncing off an object underwater, for instance, travels first through the water and then through the air to reach an observer’s eye. From certain angles an object that is partially submerged appears bent where it enters the water because light from the part underwater is being refracted.

The refractive index of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light inside the material. Because light of different frequencies travels at different speeds in a material, the refractive index is different for different frequencies. This means that light of different colors is bent by different angles as it passes from one material into another. This effect produces the familiar colorful spectrum seen when sunlight passes through a glass prism. The angle of bending at a boundary between two transparent materials is related to the refractive indexes of the materials through Snell’s Law, a mathematical formula that is used to design lenses and other optical devices to control light.

Reflection also occurs when light hits the boundary between two materials. Some of the light hitting the boundary will be reflected into the first material. If light strikes the boundary at an angle, the light is reflected at the same angle, similar to the way balls bounce when they hit the floor. Light that is reflected from a flat boundary, such as the boundary between air and a smooth lake, will form a mirror image. Light reflected from a curved surface may be focused into a point, a line, or onto an area, depending on the curvature of the surface.

وهذا موقع رائع ومدعم بالصور قد يساعدكم في فهم الانكسار في الضوء إن شاء الله
http://www.ps.missouri.edu/rickspage/refract/refraction.html

بالتوفيق للجميع وانتظروا الملف الكامل ولكن استعدوا له بالفهم فهو يحتاج للجهد منكم أيضاً فهو ممتع وقد حرصت على أن يكون ممتع لحضراتكم

Engineering - definition

Engineering - definition

“The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind”

or

"The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.

ABET
Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology